NOUN CLAUSE

Look at the following sentences :

• He expected to get a prize.
• He expected that he would get a prize.

In the first sentence the group of words ‘to get a prize’ does not have a subject and a predicate.

This group of word does the work of a noun.

Whereas in the second sentence, the group of words ‘that he would get a prize’ has both a subject and a predicate.

Here this group of words does the work of a noun. This is a clause.

This clause is the object of the verb EXPECT and so does the work of a noun.

Since this group of words does the works of both a noun and a clause, it is called NOUN-CLAUSE.

Definition:

A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.

Examples:

• I often wonder how you are getting on with him.

• He feared that he would fail.

• They replied that they would come to this town.

• Do you know who stole the watch?

• I thought that it would be fine day.

• No one knows who he is.

• I did not know what he would do next.

• How the budget got in is a mystery.

• Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

• I do not understand how all it happened.

OBJECT

Definition:

A word or group of words, functioning as a noun or a pronoun, that is influenced by a verb (direct object), a verbal (indirect object), or a preposition (object of a preposition).

· I like that restaurant.

· She kicked him.

· They stole a van and then they robbed a bank.

· They handed me a pile of forms.

· Her mother sent her a cheque for her birthday.

SUBJECT

Definition:

The part of a sentence or clause that commonly indicates (a) what it is about, or (b) who or what performs the action (that is, the agent).

The subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. In a declarative sentence, the subject usually appears before the verb ("Gus never smiles"). In an interrogative sentence, the subject usually follows the first part of a verb ("Does Gus ever smile?").

· My master made me this collar. He is a good and smart master, and he made me this collar so that I may speak

· You can't try to do things; you simply must do them

· This is not a book that should be tossed lightly aside. It should be hurled with great force

COMPLEMENT

Definition:

A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence.

Words and expressions which 'complete' the meaning of a verb, noun, or adjective are also called 'complements.'

· I want a drink, and then I want to go home.

· Does she understand the need for secrecy?

· I'm interested in learning to fly.

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities

Formula : SUBJECT + TO BE (AM, IS, ARE) + OBJECT

SUBJECT – VERB 1 + OBJECT

Example :

· (+) You are lazy

(-) You are not lazy

(?) Are you lazy?

· (+) I go to school

(-) I do not go to school

(?) do I go to school?

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking

Formula : SUBJECT + TO BE (AM, IS, ARE) + VERB 1 + ING + OBJECT

Example :

· (+) I am writing the letter to my friend

(-) I am not writing the letter to my friend

(?) Am I writing the letter to my friend?

· (+) You are fishing in the river now

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The present perfect tense is used to talk about a past time, which has very strong meaning for the present

Formula : SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + OBJECT

SUBJECT – HAVE/HAS + VERB III + OBJECT

Example :

· (+) I have been here just now

I have not been here just now

(?) Have I been here just now?

· (+) She has been busy since this morning

(-) She has not busy since this morning

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The present continuous tense is often used (with for or since) to describe how long something has been happening up to now

Formula : SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) We have been living in Surabaya for three years

(-) We have not been living in Surabaya for three years

(?) Have we been living in Surabaya for three years?

5. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

Formula : SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS, WERE) + OBJECT

SUBJECT + VERB II + OBJECT

· (+) I was a girl

(-) I was not girl

· (?) Was I a girl?

(+) He went there

(?) He did not go there

6. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished

Formula : SUBJECT + TO BE (WAS, WERE) + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) You were sleeping all night yesterday

(-) You were not sleeping all night yesterday

(?) Were you sleeping all night yesterday?

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time

Formula : SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + OBJECT

SUBJECT + HAD + VERB III + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I had been here before 2003

(-) I had not been here before 2003

(?) Had I been here before 2003?

8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about longer situation that continued up to the moment in the past we are talking about

Formula : SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I had been staying here since 2002

(-) I had not been staying here since 2002

(?) Had I been staying here since 2002?

9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

We sometimes use the simple present form to discuss future event

Formula : SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + OBJECT

SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + VERB I + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I shall be here tomorrow

(-) I shall not be here tomorrow

(?) Shall I be here tomorrow?

10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

It is often used to ask about and discuss future arrangements or plans with just the addition of a future time, but you only use it whwn these arrangements are certain

Formula : SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + BE + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I shall be visiting Tantular Museum tomorrow

(-) I shall not be visiting Tantular Museum tomorrow

(?) Shall I be visiting Tantular Museum tomorrow?

11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

We use the Future Perfect tense to express an action that will be finished before some point in the future

Formula : SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + OBJECT

SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + VERB III + OBJECT

Example :

(+) We shall have been here last January

(-) We shall not have been here last January

(?) Shall we have been here last January?

12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use the future perfect continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future

Formula : SUBJECT + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I shall have been going to Bali for a week

(-) I shall not have been going to Bali for a week

(?) Shall I have been going to Bali for a week?

13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

expressing an occurence to happened at past

Formula : SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE + OBJECT

SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + VERB I + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I should be in Jakarta next week

(-) I should not be in Jakarta next week

(?) Should I be in Jakarta next week?

14. PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

expressing an occurence to is happened at past

Formula : SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + BE + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) We should be playing badminton last week

(-) We should not be playing badminton last week

(?) Should we be playing badminton last week?

15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

expressing an occurence to completed at past or express deed which not possible to happened because its condition surely do not fufilled.

Formula : SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + OBJECT

SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + VERB III + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I should have been here if he met you

(-) I would not have here if he met you

(?) Should I have been here if he met you

16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

expressing an occurence which ought to have underway some times at past

Formula : SUBJECT + SHOULD/WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + VERB I + ING + OBJECT

Example :

(+) I sould have been working in the office for two years last year

(?) I sould not have been working in the office for two years last year